Traditional philosophies of good and evil are inevitably founded upon an assumption of free will, which has been effectively disproven by scientists in such separate disciplines as biology and psychology; and although it has not yet been decided whether the determinism that characterizes human behavioral responses has its source in in the underlying psychology of the species or in the environmental and/or genetic templates that define individual members of the species, it hardly matters. Regardless of which cause is ultimately proven to be responsible for human behavior, free will is an a priori casualty of the debate. And without free will, good and evil must be regarded as arbitrary and entirely subjective descriptions of outcomes rather than primal forces imposing some condition of choice upon individual human beings.